Clinical-epidemiological characteristics of pregnant women with HIV/syphilis coinfection: an integrative review / Características clínico-epidemiológicas de gestantes com coinfecção HIV/sífilis: revisão integrativa / Características clínico-epidemiológicas de gestantes con coinfección VIH/sífilis: revisión integrativa

Background and Objectives: HIV/syphilis coinfection is an important problem to be considered during pregnancy due to the various negative outcomes such as abortion, stillbirth, prematurity and congenital infections. The study is justified by the need to identify scientific evidence of clinical-epidemiological characteristics and vulnerabilities related to infections, factors that influence the prevalence, and if there are related health problems. The objective was to synthesize scientific evidence about sociodemographic characteristics and clinical manifestations of associated cases of syphilis and HIV. Content: this is an integrative literature review, searching the PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, BDENF and MedCarib databases, using the descriptors "HIV", "Syphilis", "Epidemiology", "Coinfection" and "Pregnant woman", combined by Boolean operators "AND" and "OR", guided by the question: what is the scientific evidence related to the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of pregnant women co-infected with HIV/syphilis? It was held from June to September 2022, including articles published in the last eight years. Nine primary articles published between 2015 and 2020 were selected. The association of infections was present in pregnant women of young adult age, non-white race/color, married, low level of education, housewives, residents of urban areas and belonging to more economically disadvantaged social classes. Conclusion: the study highlighted the importance of improving prenatal care, with the aim of reducing the risks of vertical transmission of these diseases, especially with the implementation of public policies aimed at the clinical management of co-infected pregnant women, the allocation of resources and the development of specific intervention protocols.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: A coinfecção HIV/sífilis é um problema importante a ser considerado durante a gravidez devido aos diversos desfechos negativos como aborto, natimorto, prematuridade e infecções congênitas. O estudo justifica-se pela necessidade de identificar evidências científicas de características clínico-epidemiológicas e vulnerabilidades relacionadas às infecções, fatores que influenciam a prevalência e se há problemas de saúde relacionados. O objetivo foi sintetizar evidências científicas sobre características sociodemográficas e manifestações clínicas de casos associados de sífilis e HIV. Conteúdo: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com busca nas bases de dados PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, BDENF e MedCarib, utilizando os descritores "HIV", "Syphilis", "Epidemiology", "Coinfection" e "Pregnant woman", combinados por Operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR", norteados pela questão: quais as evidências científicas relacionadas às características clínico-epidemiológicas de gestantes coinfectadas com HIV/sífilis? Foi realizado de junho a setembro de 2022, incluindo artigos publicados nos últimos oito anos. Foram selecionados nove artigos primários publicados entre 2015 e 2020. A associação das infecções esteve presente em gestantes em idade adulta jovem, raça/cor não branca, casadas, baixa escolaridade, donas de casa, residentes em zona urbana e pertencentes a classes sociais mais desfavorecidas economicamente. Conclusão: o estudo destacou a importância da melhoria da assistência pré-natal, com o objetivo de reduzir os riscos de transmissão vertical dessas doenças, especialmente com a implementação de políticas públicas voltadas ao manejo clínico das gestantes coinfectadas, à alocação de recursos e o desenvolvimento de protocolos de intervenção específicos.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos: La coinfección VIH/sífilis es un problema importante a considerar durante el embarazo debido a los diversos resultados negativos como aborto, muerte fetal, prematuridad e infecciones congénitas. El estudio se justifica por la necesidad de identificar evidencia científica de características clínico-epidemiológicas y vulnerabilidades relacionadas con las infecciones, factores que influyen en la prevalencia y si existen problemas de salud relacionados. El objetivo fue sintetizar evidencia científica sobre las características sociodemográficas y manifestaciones clínicas de los casos asociados de sífilis y VIH. Contenido: se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura, buscando en las bases de datos PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, BDENF y MedCarib, utilizando los descriptores "VIH", "Sífilis", "Epidemiología", "Coinfección" y "Mujer embarazada", combinados por Operadores booleanos "Y" y "O", guiados por la pregunta: ¿cuál es la evidencia científica relacionada con las características clínico- -epidemiológicas de las gestantes coinfectadas con VIH/sífilis? Se realizó de junio a septiembre de 2022, incluyendo artículos publicados en los últimos ocho años. Se seleccionaron nueve artículos primarios publicados entre 2015 y 2020. La asociación de infecciones estuvo presente en mujeres embarazadas de edad adulta joven, de raza/color no blanca, casadas, de bajo nivel educativo, amas de casa, residentes de áreas urbanas y pertenecientes a clases sociales más desfavorecidas económicamente. Conclusión: el estudio destacó la importancia de mejorar la atención prenatal, con el objetivo de reducir los riesgos de transmisión vertical de estas enfermedades, especialmente con la implementación de políticas públicas orientadas al manejo clínico de las gestantes coinfectadas, la asignación de recursos y el desarrollo de protocolos de intervención específicos.(AU)

Comorbilidades infecciosas en la gravedad y mortalidad por Covid-19: análisis del aporte científico en The Lancet Publishing Group / Infectious comorbidities in severity and mortality from Covid-19: analysis of the scientific contribution in The Lancet Publishing Group

El número de casos totales de la enfermedad coronavirus-2019 (Covid-19) sigue aumentando rápidamente, amenazando a miles o millones de personas con condiciones crónicas preexistentes que se ven afectados de manera desproporcionada. Hasta el 2020, el centro de recursos de coronavirus de la Universidad Johns Hopkins informó que en todo el mundo más de 180 países han sido afectados con Covid-19 con más de doce millones de casos confirmados y más de 500,000 muertes. A medida que continúa la investigación relacionada con los posibles factores de riesgo de mortalidad por Covid-19, se hace evidente que las personas con comorbilidades subyacentes, como enfermedades cardiovasculares, hipertensión, diabetes, insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva, enfermedad cerebrovascular, enfermedad renal crónica, enfermedad hepática crónica, cáncer, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, el asma y el VIH/SIDA pueden tener un mayor riesgo de muerte por Covid-19. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar las comorbilidades infecciosas en la gravedad y mortalidad por Covid-19 especialmente asociadas con VIH/SIDA y tubercolosis, respodiendo a la siguiente pregunta: ¿La comunidad científica mundial se ha preocupado por la comorbilidad infecciosa en casos de covid-19 severos y fatales?. Un análisis hecho al grupo de referencias The Lancet Publishing Group fue realizado para dar repuesta a dicha pregunta(AU)

The number of total cases of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) continues to rise rapidly, threatening thousands or millions of people with pre-existing chronic conditions who are disproportionately affected. As of 2020, the Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center reported that worldwide more than 180 countries have been affected with COVID-19 with more than twelve million confirmed cases and more than 500,000 deaths. As research related to potential risk factors for mortality from COVID-19 continues, it becomes clear that people with underlying comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and HIV/AIDS may be at increased risk of death from COVID-19. The objective of this work is to determine the infectious comorbidities in severity and mortality from Covid-19, especially associated with HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, answering the following question: Has the world scientific community been concerned about infectious comorbidity in covid-19 severe and fatal cases? An analysis made to the reference group The Lancet Publishing Group was carried out to answer this question(AU)

¿Es posible la coinfección o un diagnóstico erróneo por dengue y COVID-19? Una revisión de reporte de casos / Is dengue and COVID-19 coinfection or misdiagnosis possible? A review on reported cases

INTRODUCCIÓN: El nuevo coronavirus ha continuado propagándose por todo el mundo donde existen otras enfermedades endémicas que han sido una carga para la salud pública durante muchos años. Como cualquier infección, se habría esperado encontrar en coinfección con algunas de éstas. Específicamente, los países tropicales y subtropicales han venido manejando la carga del dengue a medida que aumentan los picos con períodos de tiempo más cortos. OBJETIVO: Resumir la evidencia que existe en la coinfección relacionada con el SARS-CoV-2 y el virus del dengue. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una revisión narrativa en bases de datos sobre reportes de coinfección y diagnóstico erróneo de SARS-CoV-2 y el dengue dado que la temporada de lluvias cada año aumenta la prevalencia de infecciones virales en países endémicos. Informes recientes incluso han descrito casos positivos en uno de estas infecciones que luego resultaron en falso positivo. Una prueba positiva para COVID-19 o fiebre del dengue en áreas endémicas no debe excluir la otra infección. CONCLUSIÓN: A partir de ahora, estos dos deberían ser considerados como un diagnóstico diferencial y esto debe generar preocupación de salud pública por su coinfección en países endémicos para reforzar la promoción y prevención a las comunidades y mitigar estas enfermedades.

BACKGROUND: Novel coronavirus has continued to spread throughout the world where there are other endemic diseases that have been a burden to public health for many years. As any infection, it was expected there could be coinfection between these. Tropical and subtropical countries are currently managing with dengue as peaks increase with shorter periods of time. AIM: To summarize the evidence that exists in the co-infection related to SARS-CoV-2 and the dengue virus. METHOD: We conducted a narrative review in data bases about reports of coinfection and misdiagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus given the fact that rainy season every year increase the prevalence of viral infections in endemic countries. Recent reports have even described positive cases in one of these infections that later resulted in false positive. A positive test for COVID-19 or dengue fever in endemic areas should not exclude the other infection. CONCLUSION: From now on, these two should be considered as a differential diagnosis and this should raise public health concern for COVID-19 and dengue coinfection in endemic countries to reinforce promotion and prevention to communities to prevent these diseases.

Factors associated with HIV/syphilis co-infection initiating of antiretroviral therapy / Fatores associados à coinfecção HIV/sífilis no início da terapia antirretroviral

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with HIV/syphilis co-infection in people initiating antiretroviral therapy in Belo Horizonte, capital of the state of Minas Gerais. METHODS A sectional section of a prospective cohort study was carried out with people living with HIV, treatment-naive, initiating antiretroviral therapy, older than 16 years, and in follow-up treatment at specialized HIV/Aids care services in Belo Horizonte. Sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, laboratory and pharmacological treatment-related data were obtained through interviews, medical records, and information systems for logistical control of antiretroviral medications and laboratory tests. The dependent variable was the first episode of active syphilis, recorded by the physician in clinical records, within 12 months after beginning of the antiretroviral therapy. Factors associated with HIV/syphilis co-infection were assessed using binary multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 459 individuals included, a prevalence of 19.5% (n = 90) of sexually transmitted infections (STI) was observed, with syphilis (n = 49) being the most frequent STI in these individuals. The prevalence of HIV/syphilis co-infection was 10.6% (n = 49), and the associated independent factors were alcohol use (OR = 2.30; 95%CI: 1.01-5.26), and having a diagnosis of other sexually transmitted infections (OR = 3.33; 95%CI: 1.24-8.95). CONCLUSIONS There was a high prevalence of HIV/syphilis co-infection in people living with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy in Belo Horizonte. HIV/syphilis co-infection was associated with behavioral and clinical factors, such as alcohol use and diagnosis of other sexually transmitted infections. Prior knowledge about the factors associated with this co-infection may support the decisions of health professionals engaged in the care to people living with HIV, with regard to timely diagnosis, guidance, follow-up and adequate treatment, both for syphilis and HIV.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à coinfecção HIV/sífilis em pessoas no início da terapia antirretroviral no município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS Foi realizado um corte seccional de um estudo de coorte prospectivo, com pessoas vivendo com HIV, sem tratamento prévio da infecção, em início da terapia antirretroviral, maiores de 16 anos e em acompanhamento em serviços de assistência especializada em HIV/aids de Belo Horizonte. Dados sociodemográficos, comportamentais, clínicos, laboratoriais e relacionados ao tratamento farmacológico foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas, coleta em prontuários clínicos e nos sistemas de informação de controle de medicamentos antirretrovirais e exames laboratoriais. A variável dependente foi o primeiro episódio de sífilis ativa, registrado pelo médico em prontuário clínico, em um período de 12 meses após início da terapia antirretroviral. Os fatores associados à coinfecção HIV/sífilis foram avaliados por meio de regressão logística binária múltipla. RESULTADOS Dentre os 459 indivíduos avaliados, observou-se uma prevalência de 19,5% (n = 90) de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, sendo a sífilis (n = 49) a infecção sexualmente transmissível mais frequente nesses indivíduos. A prevalência da coinfecção HIV/sífilis foi de 10,6% (n = 49) e os fatores independentes associados foram o uso de álcool (OR = 2,30; IC95% 1,01-5,26) e ter diagnóstico de outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (OR = 3,33; IC95% 1,24-8,95). CONCLUSÕES Houve alta prevalência de coinfecção HIV/sífilis em pessoas vivendo com HIV em início de terapia antirretroviral em Belo Horizonte. A coinfecção HIV/sífilis foi associada a fatores comportamentais e clínicos, como uso de álcool e diagnóstico de outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. O conhecimento prévio sobre os fatores associados à essa coinfecção pode subsidiar as decisões dos profissionais de saúde inseridos no cuidado às pessoas vivendo com HIV, no que diz respeito ao diagnóstico oportuno, orientações, acompanhamento e tratamento adequado, tanto da sífilis quanto do HIV.

Infecciones por Elizabethkingia spp. en un hospital universitario: coinfección con SARS-CoV-2 y primer reporte de Elizabethkingia anophelis en Chile / Elizabethkingia spp. infections in a university hospital: coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and first report of Elizabethkingia anophelis in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: Elizabethkingia es un género de bacterias gramnegativas cuya relevancia como patógeno oportunista en hospederos inmunocomprometidos y pacientes críticos ha sido reconocida progresivamente en los últimos años. Este género está compuesto principalmente por E. meningoseptica, E. anophelis y E. miricola. Si bien inicialmente E. meningoseptica fue considerada la especie patógena más relevante, gracias a los avances en las técnicas de identificación microbiológica se ha reconocido a E. anophelis como el principal patógeno de este grupo. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los casos de infecciones por Elizabethkingia spp. en una red de salud y realizar una breve revisión de esta infección. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión de los cultivos positivos para Elizabethkingia spp. en el Laboratorio de Microbiología de la Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS (Chile) entre los años 2017 y 2021. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo 17 cultivos positivos correspondientes a siete casos clínicos, todos procedentes de un hospital universitario. Todos los casos poseían factores de riesgo conocidos de infección por Elizabethkingia spp. incluyendo uso de antimicrobianos recientes, por ejemplo, el uso previo de carbapenémicos en 85,7% de los pacientes. Cuatro casos se presentaron en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, una coinfección no previamente reportada en la literatura. Elizabethkingia anophelis fue identificada mediante secuenciación de ARN ribosomal en 80% de las cepas recuperadas, lo que corresponde al primer reporte de esta especie en Chile CONCLUSIÓN: Comunicamos la experiencia clínica de infecciones por este género en un hospital universitario de Chile, incluyendo los primeros casos de coinfección en pacientes cursando neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 y la primera identificación de Elizabethkingia anophelis en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Elizabethkingia is a genus of gramnegative bacteria whose relevance as an opportunistic pathogen in immunosuppressed hosts and critically ill patients has been progressively recognized in recent years. This genus is mainly composed of E. meningoseptica, E. anophelis, and E. miricola. Although E. meningoseptica was initially reported as the most relevant pathogenic species, thanks to advances in microbiological identificaron techniques E. anophelis has been recognized as the main pathogen of this group. AIM: To characterize Elizabethkingia spp.'s infections in a health network and make a brief review of this infection. METHOD: We conducted a review of clinical cultures that were positive for Elizabethkingia sp. in the Microbiology Laboratory of the UC-CHRISTUS Health Network (Chile), between 2017 and 2021. RESULTS: Seventeen positive cultures were obtained corresponding to seven clinical cases, all originating from a university hospital. All cases had known risk factors for Elizabethkingia sp. infection, including recent use of antibiotics. Notably, previous use of carbapenems was present in 85.7% of the patients. Four cases occurred in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, a coinfection not previously reported in the literature. Elizabethkingia anophelis was identified by ribosomal RNA sequencing in 80% of the recovered strains, which corresponds to the first report of this species in Chile. CONCLUSION: We report the clinical experience of a university hospital with infections by Elizabethkingia spp., including the first cases of coinfection in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonía and the first identification of Elizabethkingia anophelis in Chile.

Factores asociados a la coinfección por tuberculosis y virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en un hospital peruano / Factors associated with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency viruscoinfection in a Peruvian hospital

Introducción: La infección por VIH y la tuberculosis son dos de las principales epidemias que afectan a muchos países de Latinoamérica, las cuales tienen un impacto bidireccional entre sí, por lo que son enfermedades de gran relevancia en la salud pública. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a la coinfección por tuberculosis y VIH en los pacientes registrados en el Programa de Control de la Tuberculosis del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal y analítico. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes hospitalizados ingresados al Programa de Control de Tuberculosis. Se consideró coinfección por tuberculosis y VIH a aquellos con prueba confirmatoria para Western Blot con tuberculosis activa de forma simultánea. Con los modelos lineales generalizados se obtuvieron valores p y las razones de prevalencia ajustados con un IC 95 por ciento. Resultados: De los 289 pacientes, el 30,1 por ciento tuvo coinfección por tuberculosis y VIH y se asoció a ser varón (RPa: 2,11; IC 95 por ciento:1,21-3,66), consumidor de drogas (RPa: 1,71; IC 95 por ciento: 1,13-2,52) y tener el antecedente de infección previa de tuberculosis (RPa: 2,35; IC 95 por ciento: 1,53-3,63). Asimismo, estuvo asociada de manera inversa con la edad (RPa: 0,98; IC 95 por ciento: 0,97-0,99). Conclusiones: Según los datos, la prevalencia de coinfección por tuberculosis y VIH es elevada y existe mayor frecuencia de coinfección por tuberculosis y VIH entre varones, a una menor edad, los que tenían antecedentes de tuberculosis y los que consumían drogas. Es importante implementar acciones para mejorar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de ambas enfermedades infecciosas(AU)

Introduction: HIV infection and tuberculosis are two of the main epidemics that affect many Latin American countries, which have a two-way impact on each other, making them highly relevant diseases in public health. Objective: To identify the factors associated with tuberculosis and HIV coinfection in patients registered in the Tuberculosis Control Program of the Dos de Mayo National Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out. The medical records of hospitalized patients admitted to the Tuberculosis Control Program were reviewed. Those with a confirmatory test for Western Blot with active tuberculosis were considered coinfection with tuberculosis and HIV simultaneously. With the generalized linear models, p-values and prevalence ratios adjusted with a 95 percent CI were obtained. Results: Of the 289 patients, 30.1 percent had tuberculosis and HIV coinfection and was associated with being male (RPa: 2.11; 95 percent CI: 1.21-3.66), drug user (RPa: 1.71; 95 percent CI: 1.13-2.52) and have a history of previous tuberculosis infection (RPa: 2.35; 95 percent CI: 1.53-3.63). Likewise, it was inversely associated with age (RPa: 0.98; 95 percent CI: 0.97-0.99). Conclusions: According to the data, the prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV coinfection is high and there is a higher frequency of tuberculosis and HIV coinfection among men, at a younger age, those with a history of tuberculosis and those who consume drugs. It is important to implement actions to improve the diagnosis and treatment of both infectious diseases(AU)

Tratamiento de la hepatitis C en el conurbano de Buenos Aires / Hepatitis C treatment in the surrounding area of Buenos Aires

Resumen La principal infección viral transmisible por sangre es actualmente la debida al virus de hepatitis C (VHC). Uno de los mayores obstáculos para el logro de su control en la Argentina se relaciona con las dificultades de acceso al diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de las personas infectadas. Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de caracterizar a los pacientes infectados con VHC que iniciaron tratamiento con antivirales de acción directa (AAD) y describir la experiencia vinculada al tratamiento. Se seleccionaron las historias clínicas de 82 pacientes, 44 (53.7%) de sexo masculino, 37 (45.1%) de sexo femenino, y uno (1.2%) transgénero. La media de edad fue de 49 años. Se halló una frecuencia de cirrosis de 39%, 32 pacientes, coinfección con HIV en 48 (58.5%) y con VHB en 27 (32.9%). En 52 (63.4%) no se observó ningún factor de riesgo claramente asociado a infección. Todos completaron la terapia, de ellos 72 (87.8%) efectuaron el control para confirmar respuesta viral sostenida (RVS), que fue de 98.6%. Concluimos que el testeo universal debe implementarse por sobre el testeo con enfoque de riesgo, y que debe promoverse un criterio de atención simplificado y descentralizado, reservando la atención especializada para pacientes con cirrosis descompensada y cáncer de hígado.

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is currently the main blood-borne viral infection. One of the main obstacles to achieving its control in Argentina is related to difficulties in accessing the diagnosis and timely treatment of infected people. We carried out this study with the aim of characterizing the HCV-infected patients who started treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and to describe the experience related to treatment. The medical records of 82 patients, 44 (53.7%) male, 37 (45.1%) female, and one (1.2%) transgender, were selected. The mean age was 49 years. We report a frequency of cirrhosis, 39%, in 32 patients, coinfection with HIV in 48 (58.5%) and with HBV in 27 (32.9%). In 52 patients (63.4%), no risk factor clearly associated with infection was observed. All completed the therapy, of them 72 (87.8%) carried out the control to confirm sustained viral response (SVR), that attained 98.6%. We conclude that universal testing should be implemented over testing based on a risk approach, and that a simplified and decentralized care criterion should be promoted, reserving specialized care for patients with decompensated cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Epidemiological profile and lethality of visceral leishmaniasis/human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in an endemic area in Northeast Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The association of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a concern worldwide, and this co-infection is linked to increased lethality. The Northeast is the region that mostly reports cases of VL in Brazil. The knowledge of risk factors associated with VL/HIV co-infection and its impact on lethality is extremely important. METHODS: The present study analyzed the epidemiologic features of cases with VL/HIV co-infection in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, from 2014 to 2018. RESULTS: There were 858 and 11,514 reported cases of VL and HIV infection, respectively. The average incidences of VL and HIV infection were 1.82 and 24.4/100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Of all reported cases of VL, 4.9% (42/858) also had HIV infection. There was an inverse spatial association between VL and HIV infection incidences. The lethality rates of VL, HIV infection, and co-infection were 9.9%, 26.1%, and 16.6%, respectively. Most of the patients were males and lived in urban areas. The cases of VL mostly occurred in children aged below 10 years, whereas the cases of HIV infection and VL/HIV co-infection were primarily observed in adults between 20 years and 39 years old. CONCLUSIONS: We defined the profile and areas with most cases of co-infection and found that the lethality of VL with co-infection increased in the current period. These findings contribute to applying efforts with a greater focus in these identified populations to prevent future deaths.

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de pacientes con tuberculosis en el Departamento de Caaguazú, Paraguay. 2014 a 2017

Resumen Introducción: La tuberculosis (TBC) es una de las diez principales causas de muerte en todo el mundo. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente los casos de TBC del Departamento de Caaguazú-Paraguay, entre los años 2014 y 2017. Pacientes y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, utilizando datos secundarios del Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis (PNCT). La población: 659 casos de TBC registrados en el PNCT. Las variables: edad, sexo, grupo poblacional, tipo de TBC, co-infección TBC/VIH, y categoría de egreso. Procesamos la base de datos en Excel 2016 © usando Stata 14.0®. Resultado: El 63,3% de los participantes fue del género masculino. La edad promedio fue de 35,8 años. El 39,6% eran indígenas y 14,5% fueron personas privadas de libertad (PPL) conocidos como reclusos. El 89,6% tuvo TBC pulmonar, 2,4% tuvo co-infección TBC/VIH. La tasa de incidencia fue superior a 21,6/100.000 habts en 2014. La incidencia en indígenas fue de 76,5/100.000 habts en 2017. La incidencia en PPL fue de 2.272,1/100.000 habitantes en 2017. Conclusión: La incidencia de TBC en el Departamento de Caaguazú es baja en la población general afectando principalmente a hombres, mientras que en la población indígena y PPL es alta.

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide. Aim: To characterize the clinical and epidemiological point of view of TB cases reported in the Department of Caaguazú-Paraguay, from 2014 to 2017. Methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study; Population: 659 cases of TB registered in the National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP); variables: age, sex, population group, type of TB, TB/HIV coinfection. We procesed database in Excel 2016 © using Stata 14.0®. Results: 63.3% were of male gender, average age: 35.8 years, 39.6% were indigenous and 85.4% were liberty deprived persons known as inmates (LDP), 89.6% had pulmonary TB and 2,4% had TB/HIV coinfection. Incidence rate exceed 21.6/100,000 inhabitants in 2014. Indigenous incidence was 76.5/100,000 inhabitants in 2017, LDP incidence was 2,272.1/ 100,000 inhabitants in 2017. Conclusion: The incidence of TB in the Department of Caaguazú is low, mainly affecting men, while TB incidence in indigenous people and LDP was high.

Respiratory infections and coinfections: geographical and population patterns / Infecciones y coinfecciones respiratorias: patrón geográfico y de circulación poblacional

Abstract Introduction: Acute respiratory infections are the second cause of mortality in children younger than five years, with 150.7 million episodes per year. Human orthopneumovirus (hOPV) and metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the first and second causes of bronchiolitis; type 2 human orthorubulavirus (hORUV) has been associated with pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Objective: To define hOPV, hMPV and hORUV geographical distribution and circulation patterns. Method: An observational, prospective cross-sectional pilot study was carried out. Two-hundred viral strains obtained from pediatric patients were genotyped by endpoint reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: One-hundred and eighty-six positive samples were typed: 84 hOPV, 43 hMPV, two hORUV and 57 co-infection specimens. Geographical distribution was plotted. hMPV, hOPV, and hORUV cumulative incidences were 0.215, 0.42, and 0.01, respectively. Cumulative incidence of hMPV-hORUV and hMPV-hOPV coinfection was 0.015 and 0.23; for hOPV-hMPV-hORUV, 0.035; and for hORUV-hOPV, 0.005. The largest number of positive cases of circulating or co-circulating viruses occurred between January and March. Conclusions: This study successfully identified circulation and geographical distribution patterns of the different viruses, as well as of viral co-infections.

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias agudas constituyen la segunda causa de mortalidad en los niños menores de cinco años, con 150.7 millones de episodios anuales. Entre los principales agentes etiológicos están Orthopneumovirus (hOPV) y metapneumovirus (hMPV) humanos como primera y segunda causa de bronquiolitis, respectivamente; Orthorubulavirus humano tipo 2 (hORUV) se ha asociado a neumonía en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Objetivo: Definir patrones de distribución geográfica y de circulación de hOPV, hMPV y hORUV. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio piloto transversal prospectivo observacional. Se genotipificaron 200 aislamientos virales de pacientes pediátricos mediante transcripción inversa seguida de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en punto final (RT-PCR). Resultados: Se tipificaron 186 muestras positivas: 84 de hOPV, 43 de hMPV, dos de hORUV y 57 de coinfecciones. Se trazó la distribución geográfica. Las incidencias acumuladas de hMPV, hOPV y hORUV fueron de 0.215, 0.42 y 0.01, respectivamente. Las incidencias acumuladas de la coinfección de hMPV-hORUV y hMPV-hOPV fueron de 0.015 y 0.23; de hOPV-hMPV-hORUV, de 0.035; y de hORUV-hOPV, de 0.005. El mayor número de casos positivos de virus circulantes o cocirculantes se presentó entre enero y marzo. Conclusiones: Fue posible identificar patrones de circulación y distribución geográfica de los diferentes virus, así como de las coinfecciones virales.

Co-infection by Neopora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, destined to exportation / Coinfecção por Neospora caninum e vírus da diarreia viral bovina em bovinos do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, destinados à exportação

Reproductive tests in cattle are of great economic importance, given the impact it can have on the production system and may be caused by agents. Neospora caninum and Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) are considered of great importance as reproductive and should be considered responsible for keeping animals persistently infected. The present study included 479 calf serum samples for export in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). All samples were screened for BVDV by an ELISA antigen. BVDV antigen-positive ELISA samples were isolated from BVDV in cell culture. An indirect immunofluorescence (IFT) technique was used to detect anti-N. caninum antibodies. Of the 479 export-treated serum samples, 361 were positive for BVDV antigens by ELISA and/or viral isolation test (361/479-75.36%), and 109 IFT-positive samples for N. caninum (109/479-22.75%). Despite detection of antibodies anti-N. caninum did not differ statistically between naturally infected BVDV and non-BVDV infected animals suggesting that there is no interference of BVDV infection on infection or detection rate of animals with N. caninum, positive animals in viral isolation and high DO in BVDV-Ag ELISA. may present active disease and consequent immunosuppression, contributing to a potential reactivation of N. caninum.(AU)

Testes reprodutivos em bovinos são de grande importância econômica, dado o impacto que podem ter no sistema de produção e podem ser causados por agentes. O Neospora caninum e o vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina (BVDV) são considerados de grande importância como reprodutivos e devem ser considerados responsáveis por manter os animais persistentemente infectados. O presente estudo incluiu 479 amostras de soro de bezerro para exportação no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Todas as amostras foram rastreadas para BVDV por um antígeno ELISA. As amostras de ELISA positivas para o antigénio BVDV foram isoladas a partir de BVDV em cultura de células. Uma técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (IFT) foi utilizada para detectar anticorpos anti-N caninum. Das 479 amostras de soro tratadas para exportação, 361 foram positivas para antígenos de BVDV por ELISA e/ou teste de isolamento viral (361/479-75,36%) e 109 amostras positivas para IFT para N. caninum (109/479-22,75%). Apesar da detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum não diferiu estatisticamente entre animais infectados naturalmente BVDV e não BVDV sugerindo que não há interferência da infecção pelo BVDV na infecção ou taxa de detecção de animais com N. caninum, animais positivos em isolamento viral e alta DO em BVDV-Ag ELISA, pode apresentar doença ativa e consequente imunossupressão, contribuindo para uma potencial reativação de N. caninum.(AU)

Evolución de la coinfección por TB/VIH en la Región Metropolitana de Chile, 2005 a 2018 / Evolution of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection in Metropolitan Santiago, Chile from 2005 to 2018

Background: Tuberculosis (TB)/HIV coinfection has a high mortality rate. Aim: To describe socio-epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis (TB)-HIV coinfection, and aspects associated with its prevalence, from 2005 to 2018. Material and Methods: Analysis of the registry of the tuberculosis control and elimination program of three public health services of metropolitan Santiago. The variables considered were: TB/HIV coinfection, age, sex, location of tuberculosis, bacteriological confirmation, incarceration, commune of residence, country of origin and effectiveness of the tuberculosis therapy. Results: We analyzed 7507 TB cases, of whom 12% corresponded to cases of coinfection. The number of coinfections doubled in the last 6 years. In 2018, 45% of coinfection cases occurred in migrants. Of the total cases evaluated, 53% were successfully treated and 28% died. Conclusions: The remarkable increase in TB/HIV coinfection, urgently demands new prevention and control strategies, aimed at the most vulnerable groups.

COVID-19 and coinfection with Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile in an infant with gastrointestinal manifestation / COVID-19 e coinfecção por Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile em lactente com manifestações gastrintestinais

ABSTRACT We report the clinical case of an infant with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection with gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, predominantly vomiting. The patient also had colic, poor feeding, mild diarrhea and mild rhinorrhea without fever. The child had evidence of altered coagulation, increased interleukin 10, moderate dehydration and she was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Simultaneously, the patient was diagnosed as Clostridioides difficile infection, which possibly may have facilitated the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in feces, for more than 27 days, even after the nasopharyngeal test turned negative. This coinfection might exacerbate the gastrointestinal signs and symptoms and increased the possibility of fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Clostridioides . The patient was breastfed and received complementary infant formula, hydrated with intravenous fluid, and was discharged without complications, 4 days after admission.

RESUMO Relatamos o caso clínico de uma lactente com infecção por coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) com sinais e sintomas gastrintestinais - predominantemente vômitos. A paciente apresentou, adicionalmente, cólica, dificuldade para mamar, evacuações amolecidas e rinorreia leve, sem febre. Houve evidências de alterações da coagulação, aumento de interleucina 10 e desidratação moderada, que justificaram internação na unidade de terapia intensiva. Simultaneamente, a paciente foi diagnosticada com infecção por Clostridioides difficile , que pode ter facilitado a persistência do SARS-CoV-2 nas fezes por mais de 27 dias, mesmo após negativação do teste nasofaríngeo. Essa coinfecção pode ter exacerbado os sinais e sintomas gastrintestinais e aumentado a possibilidade da transmissão do SARS-CoV-2 e Clostridioides . A paciente foi mantida em aleitamento materno e complemento com fórmula infantil, recebeu hidratação intravenosa e teve alta hospitalar, sem complicações, após 4 dias de internação.

TB-HIV co-infection: spatial and temporal distribution in the largest Brazilian metropolis / Coinfecção TB-HIV: distribuição espacial e temporal na maior metrópole brasileira

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the spatial and temporal distribution of TB-HIV co-infection, as well as the profile of the characteristics of the co-infected population in the municipality of São Paulo. METHODS This is an ecological and time series study with data from the Tuberculosis Patient Control System (TBWeb), including all new cases of tuberculosis co-infected individuals with HIV living in the municipality from 2007 to 2015. Time trends of the disease were analyzed using Prais-Winsten regression. The cases were geocoded by the address of residence for the elaboration of maps with the incidence rates smoothed by the local empirical Bayesian method. The global and local Moran indexes evaluated spatial autocorrelation. Individuals' profiles were described and the characteristics of the cases with and without fixed residence were compared by Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS We analyzed 6,092 new cases of TB-HIV co-infection (5,609 with fixed residence and 483 without fixed residence). The proportion of TB-HIV co-infection ranged from 10.5% to 13.7%, with a drop of 3.0% per year (95%CI -3.4 - -2.6) and was higher in individuals without fixed residence. Incidence rates decreased by 3.6% per year (95%CI -4.4% - -2.7%), declining from 7.0 to 5.3 per 100,000 inhabitants/year. Co-infection showed positive and significant spatial autocorrelation, with heterogeneous spatial pattern and a high-risk cluster in the central region of the municipality. Cure was achieved in 55.5% of cases with fixed residence and in 32.7% of those without a fixed residence. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate an important advance in the control of TB-HIV co-infection in the period analyzed. However, we identified areas and populations that were unequally affected by the disease and that should be prioritized in the improvement of actions to prevent and control co-infection.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a distribuição espacial e temporal da coinfecção TB-HIV, assim como o perfil das características da população coinfectada no município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico e de série temporal com dados do Sistema de Controle de Pacientes com Tuberculose (TBWeb), incluindo todos os casos novos de tuberculose coinfectados pelo HIV residentes no município no período de 2007 a 2015. Tendências temporais do agravo foram analisadas por regressão de Prais-Winsten. Os casos foram geocodificados pelo endereço de residência para a elaboração de mapas com as taxas de incidência suavizadas pelo método bayesiano empírico local. Os índices de Moran global e local avaliaram a autocorrelação espacial. O perfil dos indivíduos foi descrito e as características dos casos com e sem residência fixa foram comparadas pelos testes de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS Foram analisados 6.092 casos novos de coinfecção TB-HIV (5.609 com residência fixa e 483 sem residência fixa). A proporção de coinfecção TB-HIV variou de 10,5% a 13,7%, com queda de 3,0% ao ano (IC95% -3,4 - -2,6), e foi maior nos indivíduos sem residência fixa em todo o período. As taxas de incidência apresentaram diminuição de 3,6% ao ano (IC95% -4,4% - -2,7%), declinando de 7,0 para 5,3 por 100 mil habitantes/ano. A coinfecção apresentou autocorrelação espacial positiva e significativa, com padrão espacial heterogêneo e um aglomerado de alto risco na região central do município. A cura foi alcançada em 55,5% dos casos com residência fixa e em 32,7% daqueles sem residência. CONCLUSÕES Os dados indicam um importante avanço no controle da coinfecção TB-HIV no período analisado. Todavia, foram identificadas áreas e populações que se apresentaram desigualmente afetadas pelo agravo, e que devem ser priorizadas no aprimoramento das ações de prevenção e controle da coinfecção.

Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection and related collaborative activities in Latin America and the Caribbean / Coinfección por tuberculosis y VIH, y actividades de colaboración relacionadas en América Latina y el Caribe / Coinfecção por tuberculose e HIV e atividades colaborativas relacionadas na América Latina e Caribe

ABSTRACT Objective. To inform about the most recent epidemiological trends and integrated programmatic response to tuberculosis (TB) and HIV coinfection in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Methods. A descriptive review analyzed the most relevant indicators on TB/HIV coinfection in 33 countries in LAC with a cross-sectional and time-trend approach. Data were obtained from publicly available databases and analyzed through simple proportions, weighted means, and risk ratios. Results. In LAC, during 2017, 80.8% of TB patients were actively screened for HIV, with a 25.6% increase between 2011 and 2017. In the same year, the proportion of TB patients with HIV-positive status was 11.2%, with a small but progressive reduction of 5% since 2011. The provision of antiretroviral therapy and anti-TB medication among TB/HIV coinfected patients for 2017 was at 60%. Only one-third of people living with HIV had access to isoniazid preventive therapy. Overall, the mortality in the TB/HIV cohort has not changed since 2012, hovering at around 20%. Conclusions. TB/HIV collaborative activities, as the backbone to address TB/HIV coinfection, are being scaled up in LAC and some indicators show a tendency toward improvement; nevertheless, our review shed light on the need to keep strengthening integration of service delivery, joint monitoring and evaluation, and data quality.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Informar sobre las tendencias epidemiológicas más recientes y la respuesta programática integrada frente a la coinfección por tuberculosis (TB) y VIH en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. En una revisión descriptiva se analizaron los indicadores más pertinentes sobre la coinfección por TB y VIH en 33 países de América Latina y el Caribe, por medio de un enfoque transversal y de tendencias en el tiempo. Los datos se obtuvieron de bases de datos disponibles públicamente y se analizaron mediante proporciones sencillas, medias ponderadas y cociente de riesgos. Resultados. En el 2017, en América Latina y el Caribe se sometió a 80,8% de los pacientes con TB a un tamizaje activo del VIH, lo que representó un aumento de 25,6% entre el 2011 y el 2017. En ese mismo año, la proporción de pacientes con TB e infección por el VIH fue de 11,2%, lo cual demuestra una pequeña reducción, aunque progresiva, de 5% desde el 2011. El suministro de tratamiento antirretroviral y de fármacos contra la TB a los pacientes con la coinfección en el 2017 fue del 60%. Solo un tercio de las personas con VIH tuvieron acceso al tratamiento preventivo con isoniacida. En términos generales, la tasa de mortalidad de las personas con coinfección por TB y VIH no ha cambiado desde el 2012, y ha permanecido en torno al 20%. Conclusiones. Se está aumentando la escala de las actividades de colaboración entre los servicios de TB y VIH en América Latina y el Caribe, como el tratamiento de base para abordar los casos de coinfección, y algunos indicadores muestran una tendencia positiva. No obstante, nuestra revisión muestra la necesidad de seguir fortaleciendo la integración de la prestación de servicios, las actividades conjuntas de seguimiento y evaluación, y la comprobación de la calidad de los datos.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo. Informar sobre as últimas tendências epidemiológicas e a resposta programática integrada à coinfecção por tuberculose (TB) e HIV na América Latina e Caribe (ALC). Métodos. Uma revisão descritiva analisou os indicadores mais relevantes sobre a coinfecção por TB/HIV em 33 países da ALC, usando uma abordagem transversal e de tendências temporais. Os dados foram obtidos em bases de dados disponíveis publicamente e analisados através de proporções simples, médias ponderadas e razões de risco. Resultados. Na ALC, em 2017, 80,8% dos pacientes com TB realizaram o rastreamento ativo para HIV, o que representou um aumento de 25,6% entre 2011 e 2017. No mesmo ano, a proporção de pacientes com TB com status HIV positivo foi de 11,2%, demonstrando uma pequena redução progressiva de 5% desde 2011. Em 2017, a oferta de terapia antirretroviral e medicação anti-TB aos pacientes coinfectados por TB/HIV foi de 60%. Somente um terço das pessoas que vivem com HIV teve acesso à terapia preventiva com isoniazida. A mortalidade geral na coorte coinfectada por TB/HIV não mudou desde 2012, oscilando em torno de 20%. Conclusões. As atividades colaborativas para TB/HIV, que são a espinha dorsal para combater esta coinfecção, estão sendo ampliadas na ALC, e alguns indicadores mostram uma tendência positiva; no entanto, a nossa revisão destaca a necessidade de continuar fortalecendo a integração da prestação de serviços, as atividades conjuntas de monitoramento e avaliação e a qualidade dos dados.(AU)

Coinfecção tuberculose/HIV/aids em Porto Alegre, RS - invisibilidade e silenciamento dos grupos mais afetados / Coinfección tuberculosis/VIH/SIDA en Porto Alegre, RS/Brasil - invisibilidad y silenciamiento de los grupos más afectados / Tuberculosis/HIV/AIDS coinfection in Porto Alegre, RS/Brazil - invisibility and silencing of the most affected groups

Resumo OBJETIVO Analisar como o pertencimento a certos grupos sociais contribui para a constituição das vulnerabilidades associadas ao adoecimento pela coinfecção tuberculose/HIV/aids. METODOLOGIA Pesquisa qualitativa realizada em Porto Alegre-RS, em regiões de alta vulnerabilidade social. Foram entrevistadas 20 pessoas coinfectadas em serviços especializados de saúde, entre agosto e dezembro de 2016. A análise teve como aporte os referenciais The Sound of Silence e Vulnerabilidade e Direitos Humanos. RESULTADOS Condições socioeconômicas foram decisivas para constituição das condições de vulnerabilidade. Processos de invisibilização das pessoas e silenciamento de suas vozes, em um cenário marcado por desigualdades econômicas, raciais e de gênero contribuíam para que suas necessidades de saúde não fossem compreendidas e efetivamente levadas em consideração nas ações dos serviços. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Quanto mais efetivas forem as estratégias para legitimar as vozes e compreender as necessidades das pessoas afetadas pela coinfecção, maiores serão as chances de que as respostas programáticas para o problema sejam exitosas.

Resumen OBJETIVO Analizar cómo la pertenencia a ciertos grupos sociales contribuye a la constitución de las vulnerabilidades asociadas al padecimiento de coinfección tuberculosis/VIH/SIDA. METODOLOGÍA Investigación cualitativa realizada en Porto Alegre-RS/Brasil, en zonas de alta vulnerabilidad social. Fueron entrevistadas 20 personas coinfectadas en servicios especializados de salud, entre agosto y diciembre de 2016. Análisis con aporte de referenciales The Sound of Silence y Vulnerabilidad y Derechos Humanos. RESULTADOS Las condiciones socioeconómicas resultaron decisivas para constituir las condiciones de vulnerabilidad. Los procesos de invisibilización de las personas y el silenciamiento de sus voces contribuían a que sus necesidades de salud no fuesen comprendidas y efectivamente consideradas en las acciones de los servicios. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES Cuanto más efectivas sean las estrategias para legitimar las voces y comprender las necesidades de los afectados por la coinfección, mayores serán las posibilidades para que las respuestas programáticas al problema resulten exitosas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze how belonging to certain social groups contributes to constituting the vulnerabilities associated with illnesses due to tuberculosis/HIV/AIDS coinfection. METHODOLOGYThis is a qualitative study carried out in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, in regions of high social vulnerability. Twenty coinfected people were interviewed in specialized health services between August and December 2016. The analysis was based on the frameworks The Sound of Silence and Vulnerability and Human Rights. RESULTS Socioeconomic conditions were decisive for the constitution of the vulnerability conditions. Processes of people invisibilization, and the silencing of their voices, in a scenario marked by economic, racial and gender inequalities, contributed for their health needs not to be understood and effectively taken into account in the services actions. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS The more effective strategies are to legitimize voices and to understand the needs of those affected by coinfection, the greater the chances that programmatic responses to the problem will be successful.

HIV/AIDS in small cities in Midwest Santa Catarina, south of Brazil: Clinical and epidemiological aspects, opportunistic infections

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We avaluated the clinical features, epidemiology, opportunistic infections and coinfections of HIV/AIDS patients. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 143 patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at a public center in the Midwest of Santa Catarina, south of Brazil, from December 2014 to September 2015. RESULTS: Most were male, Caucasian, married, with low education level, and aged 31-50 years. Heterosexual transmission was the most common infection route. Regarding coinfection, 3.5% had hepatitis C, 2.1% hepatitis B, 4.2% syphilis, and 4.9% tuberculosis; 38.5% had opportunistic infections. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection follows the national trend, but hepatitis B and C coinfection rates were higher, while tuberculosis rate was lower.

Hepatitis B and asymptomatic malaria coinfection in Sub-Saharan African immigrants: epidemiological and clinical features of HBV infection

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Here, we conducted an epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mono-infected and asymptomatic malaria/HBV coinfected immigrants and further discussed the possibility of malaria disease modifying the clinical presentation of HBV infection. METHODS: A total of 195 African immigrants were examined for HBV infection or coinfection with HBV and asymptomatic malaria. HBV infection was diagnosed using serological tests and confirmed by PCR; furthermore, we performed a pan-Plasmodium-specific-nucleic-acid-sequence-based-amplification (NASBA) assay to detect asymptomatic malaria infection. The stage/grade of the liver disease was determined using echotomography and elastometry. RESULTS: PCR-NASBA results confirmed that 62 of 195 subjects (31.8%) were positive for Plasmodium infection, whereas 41 of 195 subjects (21%) tested positive for HBV chronic hepatitis (HBV-DNA positive). Among the HBV-positive subjects, 26 (63.4%) of them were mono-infected patients (Group A), whereas 15 (36.6%) patients had HBV chronic hepatitis and asymptomatic malaria coinfections (Group B). The HBV-DNA median levels were 1.4×105IU/mL in HBV-mono-infected patients and 2.0×105IU/mL in coinfected patients. Echotomography and hepatic elastometry presented similar findings for both groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Coinfected patients seem to present with the same clinical symptoms of the liver disease as HBV mono-infected patients.

Fatores associados à coinfecção tuberculose/HIV no período 2001-2011 / Tuberculosis/HIV coinfection associated factors regarding the 2001-2011 timeframe

Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados à coinfecção tuberculose/HIV e determinar a prevalência máxima e mínima da positividade do teste anti-HIV entre casos de tuberculose no Maranhão, no período de 2001 a 2011. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado mediante consulta aos dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Para identificar associações, utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. Resultados: A prevalência da coinfecção tuberculose/HIV foi de 15,1%. Na análise bruta, as associações significativas para coinfecção foram sexo masculino, faixas etárias de 20 a 39 anos e de 40 a 59 anos, escolaridade inferior a oito anos, entrada por transferência e encerramento por abandono/óbito. Na análise ajustada, sexo masculino, faixa etária de 29 a 30 anos, escolaridade inferior a oito anos e encerramento por abandono/óbito permaneceram associados à coinfecção. Conclusão: Foi observada alta taxa de coinfecção tuberculose/HIV no estado do Maranhão e associações com diversos fatores relacionados à saúde

Objective: To analyze the factors associated with Tuberculosis/HIV coinfection and to determine the maximum and minimum prevalence of HIV test positivity among tuberculosis cases in Maranhão from 2001-2010. Methods: Cross-sectional study of data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Poisson regression was used with robust variance adjustment to identify associations. Results: Tuberculosis/ HIV coinfection prevalence was 15.1%. In the raw analysis, the significant associations for coinfection were male sex, age groups from 20-39 years and from 40-59 years, schooling less than 8 years, entry by transfer and closure by abandonment/death. In the adjusted analysis, male gender, age range of 29 to 30 years, schooling less than 8 years and closure due to abandonment/death remained associated with coinfection. Conclusion: Tuberculosis/HIV coinfection rate was high in the state of Maranhão and associations with several factors related to health

Objetivo: Analizar los factores asociados a la coinfección TB/VIH y determinar la prevalencia máxima y mínima de la prueba del VIH positiva entre los casos de TB en Maranhao, de 2001 a 2011. Métodos: Estudio transversal, realizado en consulta con los datos del Sistema de Información de Agravios y Notificaciones. Para identificar asociaciones, se utilizó regresión de Poisson con ajuste robusto de la varianza. Resultados: La prevalencia de la coinfección TB/VIH fue del 15,1%. En el análisis crudo, asociaciones significativas para la coinfección fueron sexo masculino, edades de 20-39 años y 40-59 años, educación menos de ocho años y cierre de la entrada por abandono/muerte. En el análisis ajustado, sexo, edad 29-30 años, educación menos de 8 años y final por abandono/ muerte se mantuvo asociado con la coinfección. Conclusión: Hubo una alta tasa de coinfección TB/VIH en el estado de Maranhão y asociaciones con diversos factores relacionados a la salud